relationship between rights and duties is complex. The political philosophy that was prominent in the first few decades of the welfare state was that one’s rights are grounded in one’s ‘social citizenship’ and that they provide a strong reason to place a duty on the state. But this consensus, if indeed it existed, was short lived. To an increasing degree, an alternative ideal is being advanced by parliaments, administrators and academics, one that is captured by the phrase ‘no rights without responsibilities’. The discussion thus far identified a number of issues that pose empirical, policy, normative and technological challenges for conditional welfare. Empirically, it is striking that a paradigm which is as prominent and covers such a wide range of welfare rights and policies is not supported, conclusively, as effective and efficient. At the moment, the results are mixed, at best.