Effectiveness and moderators of wise interventions in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Wise interventions (WIs) use theory-driven approaches to reshape individuals’ interpretations of their experiences. In these pre-registered meta-analyses, we conducted random-effects, fixed-effects, moderation, and subgroup meta-analyses across different time points to evaluate the effects of WIs on depressive or anxiety symptoms. We also conducted quality assessments and evaluated publication bias and heterogeneity. Sixteen RCTs were included, revealing small but significant effects of WIs on depressive symptoms post-intervention (g = 0.22; p = 0.00) and anxiety symptoms at post-intervention (g = 0.20; p = 0.00) and 3-month follow-up (g = 0.09; p = 0.02). The strongest post-intervention effects on depressive symptoms were found for gratitude interventions (g = 0.29; p = 0.04) and online delivery (g = 0.35; p = 0.03). Moderation analyses for other endpoints yielded equivocal results. These findings highlight new opportunities to support youth by reframing their identities as sources of strength and fostering gratitude.