Finite element theory for curved and twisted beams based on exact solutions for three-dimensional solids Part 2: Anisotropic and advanced beam models

Consistent finite element formulations for beams made of anisotropic materials and taking into account non-classic, inhomogeneous torsion have been developed. The formulations are based on a kinematical hypothesis that includes exact solutions for three-dimensional solids under terminal loading. They describe warping of the cross-sections in and out of their planes as well as their rigid displacements and rotations. Their large deformation and geometrically exact description by finite rotations are considered for the cases of monoclinic, orthotropic and transversely isotropic materials. Exact solutions for the solid made from a monoclinic material have been deduced. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.