Reflections on the transformation of European public-sector research

During the past 25 years, there have been extensive changes to the organisation and structure of public sector research (PSR), with convergence between the functions of each sector of PSR. Common trends for managing research include the demand that PSR support industrial innovation, but the unintended side effects of policies may in fact damage innovation. A review of various theories to explain the transformation of PSR and its impacts suggests we are witnessing part of a continuing pattern of adaptation that is aided by European diversity and policy flexibility.