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Sixty years after Orne’s American Psychologist article: a conceptual framework for subjective experiences elicited by demand characteristics

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posted on 2023-06-10, 04:18 authored by Olivier Corneille, Peter LushPeter Lush
Study participants form beliefs based on cues present in a testing situation (demand characteristics). These beliefs can alter study outcomes (demand effects). Neglecting demand effects can threaten the internal and external validity of studies (including their replication). While demand characteristics garnered much attention following Orne’s introduction of this notion, consideration of their effects has become sparse in experimental reports. Moreover, the concept remains confusing. Here, we introduce a conceptual framework for subjective experiences elicited by demand characteristics. The model distinguishes between participants’ awareness of the hypothesis, their motivation to comply with it, and the strategy they use to meet situational requirements. We stress that demand characteristics can give rise to genuine experiences. To illustrate, we apply the model to Evaluative Conditioning and the Rubber Hand Illusion. In the General Discussion, we discuss risks and opportunities associated with demand characteristics, and we explain that they remain highly relevant to current research.

History

Publication status

  • Published

File Version

  • Accepted version

Journal

Personality and Social Psychology Review

ISSN

1088-8683

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Event location

United States

Department affiliated with

  • Informatics Publications

Full text available

  • Yes

Peer reviewed?

  • Yes

Legacy Posted Date

2022-07-26

First Open Access (FOA) Date

2022-07-26

First Compliant Deposit (FCD) Date

2022-07-21

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