The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research

Given that several low-carbon transitions are now accelerating, what can we say about the drivers, conditions, mechanisms, and dynamics of acceleration? This question is widely discussed in policy and academic circles, but so far there is little attempt to develop a more comprehensive answer that considers the pluralistic and heterogeneous nature of what acceleration is, how it comes about, and how it can be studied moving forward. To provide a more comprehensive approach to the phenomenon of acceleration, this paper offers a prismatic perspective that mobilizes insights from several social science disciplines and fields that have engaged with acceleration and links them to sustainability transitions. The objectives of the paper are threefold: to map out concepts or tools that are useful for better understanding or interpreting acceleration; to reflect on prominent themes and topics; and to identify research gaps and fruitful directions. Written by an interdisciplinary and authoritative team of authors, the paper draws from a wide range of concepts including but not limited to feedback theory from political science, incumbent reorientation and innovation races from business and management literature, cultural theory and public acceptance from socio-cultural studies, along with insights from consumption studies and sociology. It draws on this corpus to identify five singular dimensions of acceleration (economics, technology, business, policy, and behavior/culture) as well as four multi-dimensional mechanisms (tipping points, multi-system interactions, threshold dynamics and deep leverage points). It then examines underlying drivers and understandings of acceleration before synthesizing perspectives and charting directions for future research.