Opening the information bottleneck in complex scheduling problems with a novel representation: STARK diagrams

This paper addresses the design of representational systems for complex knowledge rich problems, focussing on scheduling in particular. Multiple tables are ubiquitous in representations of schedule information, but they impose large cognitive demands and inhibit the comprehension of high-level patterns. The application and evaluation of representational design principles in the development of STARK diagrams, a novel system for scheduling problems, is reported. STARK diagrams integrate conceptual dimensions, principal relations and individual cases into a single diagrammatic structure. An experiment compared performance on STARK diagrams and a conventional representation with features typical of current commercial scheduling software interfaces. Subjects using the STARK diagram performed better at improving an examination schedule by minimising constraint violations. This provides support for the validity and utility of the design principles.